The Power of Pattern Recognition
I’m delighted to have John Spence, author of the highly recommended book, “Awesomely Simple,” back on Leadership Freak. His comments on “pattern recognition” helped me. I asked him to share his story on how he began seeing patterns.
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I believe that an essential skill of a great strategic thinker, and for that matter a great leader, is… Pattern Recognition.
Early in my career I became an almost fanatical reader of business books, working through 100 – 120 every year, and soon realized that there was a massive amount of redundancy between most books on any given business topic.
But far from being frustrated by the redundancy, I instead began to see “patterns” of key ideas that all of these incredibly bright authors seemed to be focused on.
For example, a few years ago I read 21 books on “business execution” to prepare for a special client project. After more than 4,500 pages on the same topic it became exceedingly obvious that there was a pattern of just nine specific steps that every one of the 
authors indicated was necessary to effectively execute a business initiative. Oh, they talked about a lot of other stuff, but it was clear that every single book had in some way indicated that these nine things were critical to creating an organization that could successfully execute on their objectives.
Armed with an understanding of this power pattern, I felt comfortable that I had a good handle on the key things I needed to build into my program in order to help my client improve their execution effectiveness.
It is this same sort of pattern recognition that allows a chess Grand Master to “see down board, “ a star quarterback to “read” the defense, or an experienced surgeon to make life or death decisions in the operating room – they see the pattern. It is also what allows a great strategic leader to “see” patterns in the market place, competition, consumer behavior and within their own business systems.
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Has seeing patterns helped you think and lead better?
How do you see patterns?
Thanks John,
Here are some ways Pattern Recognition helps me.
Winter in Pennsylvania means February and March are dreary months. It’s a patter that I can predict and that impacts the way I lead. Something as simple as being more positive or planning events that lift others is useful.
I’m watching for patterns in individuals. How do they respond to stress, new ideas, opportunities, etc.
Organizations have up times and down times. Leaders can anticipate some of these times and act/plan accordingly.
Seeing patterns means I’m rising above as well as living in the situations of daily life.
Seeing patterns means sometimes I’m going with…other times it means I’m going against the flow.
Best,
Dan
How do you see patterns?
Being conscious of patterns can provide us with information we need to either reinforce a positive behavior or seek changes to rectify a negative one.
Five weeks into the school year, my husband and I find ourselves in the “usual” pattern of homework crises with our 11 year old. He doesn’t keep track of his assignments well, doesn’t want to do homework first thing when arriving home (not surprisingly), and is a pain to deal with when he is being forced to do it at a point when he is tired. I keep wondering how we can change this pattern — there are rare times when he does his work unprompted and we could positively reinforce those MORE. The negativity dance basically results in us all knowing what time it is (i.e., my spouse grumpily declaring “It’s almost midnight and look how much you still have to do.”) I know this is not a business problem (per se) but I frequently see parallels between business and parenting. If any of you LF community folks want to propose some solutions, I am all ears!
Paula,
One of the things I love about the LF blog is the diversity of participants and perspectives.
Thanks for leaving another great story that, in this case points to the power of pattern recognition.
Tip for getting the homework done? hmmm Solomon said that hunger motivates lazy people. I’m not suggesting your 11 yr old is lazy…it was what came to mind.
Honored by your participation,
Dan
Paula is a featured blogger on Leadership Freak. I’m thankful she brings her perspective to LF discussions. Her bio and contact info: http://leadershipfreak.wordpress.com/paula-kiger
I have been trying to think of a catchy reply to the starvation strategy all morning but I gave up when I had to go to lunch! I am enjoying everyone’s comments on this subject and hope they come away with something leadership related from it all! pk
Hello Paula,
“there are rare times when he does his work unprompted and we could positively reinforce those MORE.”
Interesting! Interesting because these “peak/rare” events are the result of a process of something you have not discover yet. So, it might help … and I throw away some tracks based on my knowledge and experiences:
– to have event/behaviour B, you have upstream cause A.
– same to get event/behaviour D, you have upstream cause C.
The desired behaviour is B (let’s say it’s B, B = “he does his work unprompted”). So to reproduce it you have to reproduce cause A and not cause C. Sounds theoretically simple. But practically pretty hard! For me, without seeing you face to face and exploring the situation with you I can’t give so much more help.
Remember as well that your own behaviour can affect his behaviour. Your behaviour can be part of cause A or C.
But I’ll give you over tracks in the exploring: when he does the desired behaviour, look at what motivates him to produce this behaviour, what happens during his day or what will happen the next day? Is it intrinsic or extrinsic motivation? Basically, extrinsic motivation: he does this because of an outside effect (reward/punishment in a way or another), he does it not for himself but for getting himself something, getting something from outside of himself, getting something from the “world”. Still basically, intrinsic motivation comes from him, without external inducement. Intrinsically motivating activities are those in which people will engage for no reward other than the interest and enjoyment that accompanies them. And of course it’s always good (better?) to have intrinsic motivation. But saying words like “you do it for yourself, to have good bla bla… not to please me”, I think is not so much powerful. Well, it did not motivate me so much when I was a school boy. When I used to hear these,
1st: I couldn’t believe what use to say my parents : “the future is too far away from my today world” + “anyway, I don’t have enough experience to believe what you say can be true” + “what do you know about my future? Do you know yours?”;
2nd: I use to think “ok, let’s say I do these homework you’ll be happy. So it’s more to please you than really helping my hypothetical future”.
The warning point is: it’s not because you say “”you do it for yourself…” that becomes automatically intrinsic motivation. These words coming from Your Mouth have no “turning on intrinsic motivation” magic effect. Did not work for me. I dare it works for your son.
Another exploring point: time management. Might be helpful for you to define with him a structured time, for example: school time, bus time, eating time, play time, homework time, diner time, …
Another exploring point: learning to learn.
May the Force be with you 😉
Thank you for your thorough response. You have some good points and concrete suggestions. It is always tempting to apply our adult sensibilities to a child’s problem (i.e., if I get the yucky stuff out of the way, I can play! — kids (mine at least) play first and then still want to avoid the yucky stuff). I appreciate your thoughts – they will give me some new angles on this topic.
Ahh, the early air of adolescent indifference…there are some hormonal elements that even the best leadership will be challenged.
However, Paula, you have not only the pattern but a timeline, you could make a game of it or attempt to neutralize the power struggle by removing yourselves as much as parently possible.
Put together 4 envelopes. The first you hand to your son before the school year starts, maybe even in the summer so as to create a neutral stance. In that envelope, holding it up to your forehead (Carnac comes to mind) and offer to predict the future and see if he will wager anything. See if there are any rewards he might be interested in, if you, the know-it-all parent is proven wrong.
If he bites, then hand the second envelope that details out the pattern. Be brief, no baggage from years past. Ask about the outcome he might like to see and ask if you can present the outcome you would like to see. Ask about early warning sign and time frames to ensure the pattern is not creeping out. See if you can agree and then partner on the outcomes.
Third envelope goes to him a week or so before the usual pattern starts up. General appreciation for taking on the challenge, reminder of the outcomes desired and bring hope.
Fourth envelope, if you are proven wrong and the pattern is disrupted, reward time, own your level of amazement that he overcame past patterns and maybe even go on to say, you were wrong about the pattern.
Keep us posted!
NICE ideas, Doc. I will put my thinking cap on and see what I can incorporate. This year was not helped by him being out sick the second week of school, leaving him with a week of makeup work ALSO! The LF community has heartened me that we can break this pattern, and for that I am grateful!
Paula –
Have you read the book Switch, by Chip and Dan Heath?
If not, take a look – this might provide you with some great ideas for your situation.
Oh Tim, timing is everything. That is precisely the book I was discussing at the Tallahassee Leadership Book Club this afternoon. If I am the rider, my elephant (son) smells some yummy peanuts (or whatever) way off in the distance, down a path that does not end at “Academic Compliance.” I am going to try to think like Chip and Dan Heath on this one. Thanks for the suggestion.
First let me say how impressed I am by your ambition to read and learn!
I agree wholeheartedly about the importance of pattern recognition.
People who see and understand patterns often appear able to identify and address root causes, as opposed to taking “flavor of the month” approaches, or spending time solving the same problems repeately, because they don’t see the underlying patterns.
Thanks!
Tim,
Just a note to say that you’ve helped clarify important reasons to recognize patters. Good call man!
Have a great week,
Dan
Learning to recognize patterns is the foundation of a solid eduction, and I believe one of the key reasons for American success over the past century. While many other nations drum education by memorization, our kids our taught, in Mr Spense’s words, to “see down the board.” The results? Others do better on standardized tests, and we create the new industries and technologies.
I believe that the strongest leaders are generalists at their core, scanning a broad field rather than a narrow one, and instinctively work by pattern recognition. What in the current situation fits the usual pattern, and where are the exceptions? I’ve seen over and over great managers who are able to find almost instantly the one outlier in pages of data, and then focus single-mindedly until they understand the implication of the “pattern breaker.” Then they either choose to disregard if it is an anomaly or act powerfully if it represents an unexpected opportunity or threat.
Mark,
Your comment helps me appreciate reading broadly. Being a “generalist” makes sense to me. If one is too narrow patters disappear because all we see are the things we know.
I appreciate your comment. It helps me.
Best to you,
Dan
Mark is a featured commenter on Leadership Freak and he’s a business consultant. You can read his bio at http://leadershipfreak.wordpress.com/mark-friedman
Hello Paula,
“there are rare times when he does his work unprompted and we could positively reinforce those MORE.”
Interesting! Interesting because these “peak/rare” events are the result of a process of something you have not discover yet. So, it might help … and I throw away some tracks based on my knowledge and experiences:
– to have event/behaviour B, you have upstream cause A.
– same to get event/behaviour D, you have upstream cause C.
The desired behaviour is B (let’s say it’s B, B = “he does his work unprompted”). So to reproduce it you have to reproduce cause A and not cause C. Sounds theoretically simple. But practically pretty hard! For me, without seeing you face to face and exploring the situation with you I can’t give so much more help.
Remember as well that your own behaviour can affect his behaviour. Your behaviour can be part of cause A or C.
But I’ll give you over tracks in the exploring: when he does the desired behaviour, look at what motivates him to produce this behaviour, what happens during his day or what will happen the next day? Is it intrinsic or extrinsic motivation? Basically, extrinsic motivation: he does this because of an outside effect (reward/punishment in a way or another), he does it not for himself but for getting himself something, getting something from outside of himself, getting something from the “world”. Still basically, intrinsic motivation comes from him, without external inducement. Intrinsically motivating activities are those in which people will engage for no reward other than the interest and enjoyment that accompanies them. And of course it’s always good (better?) to have intrinsic motivation. But saying words like “you do it for yourself, to have good bla bla… not to please me”, I think is not so much powerful. Well, it did not motivate me so much when I was a school boy. When I used to hear these,
1st: I couldn’t believe what use to say my parents : “the future is too far away from my today world” + “anyway, I don’t have enough experience to believe what you say can be true” + “what do you know about my future? Do you know yours?”;
2nd: I use to think “ok, let’s say I do these homework you’ll be happy. So it’s more to please you than really helping my hypothetical future”.
The warning point is: it’s not because you say “”you do it for yourself…” that becomes automatically intrinsic motivation. These words coming from Your Mouth have no “turning on intrinsic motivation” magic effect. Did not work for me. I dare it works for your son.
Another exploring point: time management. Might be helpful for you to define with him a structured time, for example: school time, bus time, eating time, play time, homework time, diner time, …
Another exploring point: learning to learn.
May the Force be with you 😉
Dan, in the safety arena we are always looking for patterns that are revealed through incident reports, near miss reports, risk assessments, etc. For years, safety pros have measured the success of their safety programs based on lagging metrics – someone gets hurt, tick mark on a chart. Unfortunately, this is like being the Maytag repair man waiting by the phone for a call that something is broke.
Fortunately, in recent years safety pros are beginning to view their role in a more proactive fashion then reactive one. Emphasis is being placed on designing leading indicators that provide an element of prediction before an accident occurs. Again, looking for patterns is key for this to work. Analytic tools have come a long way allowing for real time data to be displayed on dashboards. The challenge now is filtering the gigantic amounts of data and making sense out of what we are looking at.
I’ll have to get John Spence’s book and see how his thinking can be adapted to a safety paradigm. Thanks for the lead.
Spot on Jim..’filtering the gigantic amounts of data’. It only will be increasing and John’s perspective on patterns does sound very proactive.
The more information the complex the systems become both in filtering and in execution and the potential for errors increase at least at the same rate if not greater.
How is it that we can develop ‘clean rooms’ for computer development (many complex systems involved), yet have MRSA and other infections spreading due to poor hand hygiene in healthcare (many complex systems involved)? Perhaps because we tend to shy away from measuring/quantifying the human sciences because it can be personal.
An excellent angle for patterning is that it usually takes the person out of the equation because it can be impartial measurement if done well. It does look at the system and breaks down specifics that we can concentrate on…and hopefully improve on.
A clean room is mechanical and washing hands is behavioral.
This is the Achilles heel of behavior-based safety. Sure, behavior can be adjusted for a temporary period of time and safety results can improve. But given time and/or change in leadership safety performance often degrades, sometimes being worse then before the behavioral intervention.
Let’s face it, at times we all have problems controlling our own behavior, how in the heck can we expect to control someone else’s behavior.
Dear John,
Pattern recognition helps leaders to predict actions, decisions and behaviours of people. It helps to use people for matching tasks. It is very helpful to increase productivity, boost morale and improve team cohesion and to reduce employee turn over, unethical practices and low morale by taking preventive measures. But pattern recognition is not easy to recognize. It takes a lot of interest to read and analysed people actions, behaviours and the reason of their particular behaviours.
Pattern recognition is like systemic thinking. Just like systemic thinking helps to find out the casues of failure or success of people or organisation, similarly, pattern recognition is helpful to find out people behaviours and expected outcome of that behaviours. To know, pattern recognition, one has to create keen interest in people dimension. Close observation of people actions on different touch points may be helpful to analyse some pattern. Sensititve people with empathy are in better postion to read people action, languages and non verbal behaviours. Insensitive people with ego and arrogance may not be very comfortable to read and judge the pattern recognition.
GREAT comments from everyone — neat to see how the discussion is bouncing around. I am on the road all day today — will check back in and add some longer comments this evening — thank you to all who have contributed!
I take patterns and functions and cross contaminate them into other systems and structures.
The example I used before of an Elevator Undo switch came from the concept/function of “undo” as it applies to elevators.
The negative side of patterns is it creates/promotes groupthink “we’ve never done it that way before” and other comments come from recognizing and following a pattern.
The point: I seek out and recognize patterns in other systems that would be helpful to eliminate roadblocks in the current problem.
John,
Great insight about pattern recognition and thanks Dan for featuring it. Since the conversation has taken different threads — here’s another one.
Intuition! I have had great intuition about people since a very young age. It is often demeaned as unimportant. Yet, I believe that intuition is part “pattern recognition” about people. As The People-Skills Coach, this is invaluable to me. I see patterns constantly and as a coach I look for the gaps between a standard pattern and non-standard.
The gap could mean many things for the person asking for my help — opportunity, trouble, unawareness, etc… AND it can often mean growth and learning for me. Kudos to pattern recognition when it is used for all its positive power.
One word of caution — patterns can turn into negative thinking or in a worse case “stereotypes” and menacing prejudice. If you see a pattern just as a pattern — no problem. If you see a pattern as absolute truth, it can lead to a path of destruction for you and those you touch.
Choose wisely!
Kate
Kate — superb comments — and points well-taken – pattern recognition that leads to “sloppy or lazy” thinking — is not a positive use of this powerful tool. Thanks for the great input.
The power of patterns!
When I was in high school I played a number of Avalon Hill games with friends and my brother. These were games of strategy as they were all based on famous battles, i.e. Gettysburg, Battle of the Bulge, Sink the Bismark etc. My brother and I were good at it as we also both study the battles of the civil war in great details. What gave us the advantage? The ability to see patterns in the opponents moves and to formulate strategies to counteract them.
In leadership today one must have the ability to see these patterns forming in the early stages so that they can guide their business to take advantage of them. They also need to be aware of the patterns in the people they lead so they can institute the necessary response to keep them focused and engaged.
In my downtime I like to play games like suduko and bejeweled blitz which, are pattern recognition games to keep my skills sharp.
I join Tim G in saying how impressed I am by your ambition to read and learn.
Why I love patterns: When I was a kid, my dad explained to me that quarks make up protons and neutrons and they eventually make up atoms. He described quarks as different forms of energy. Ever since, I have imagined a few different colored lego pieces and, depending on how they are arranged, they can make an elephant, a car, a house, etc. It’s even spiritual for me to think about how one ‘creator’ can make sense of it all and arrange all pieces so perfectly.
This all might sound a bit bananas… but I’m so glad you wrote about patterns – I’m a huge fan as well!
Dear Dan,
Thank you for sharing this book of John Spence and his article. I did not read the book yet, but maybe in future I’ll have in mind to read it.
I want to say only one thing about pattern recognition, we must not misinterpret it.
There are people that appear in one way first, and yes pattern recognition is very obvious. But after a closer look in a more profound way at others and at situations around them or around us, the pattern recognition disappear . This requires time and attention to see the real form of each of the people we meet, or books that we choose to read , or any other subject from our lives.
I like to say that everything has a cause for being or happening in a way or in other. The world is very complex but it can be simple in the same time. We must look carefully at what things happen to us and make a wise judgment in each of the situation we live. I learned this from special people from my life. I have my story, maybe someday I will share it.
All the best to all.
My kind regards to you Dan, I admire you and I fell that you are a friend and a professor to me in the same time.
Simona — I agree 100% — which is why I believe that one must do a great deal of study and close examination, before trying to determine the pattern — and must continue to study the subject looking for any infomation that might disprove the pattern. Excellent comments — thank you.
Hiya Dan
Pattern recognition can certainly speed things ups. In any given week I can be dealing with up to 25 clients, and their needs generally fall into one of 3 categories. But this is only achieved with 10 years experience working in my field of advertising.
Pattern recognition speeds things up and enables us to predict what sort of outcome is desirable for a client.
Pattern recognition also helps us identify what sort of client we’re dealing with and how we shoudl deal with them ie talk things through or short & sharp etc.
Best Regards
Mark
Hi Paula,
What I have to share is from our experiences, which will likely be different, but perhaps something will spark a door or window for you. Our son was home sick today and working on a book report too, so I’m right there with you even now as I work a little on this and alternate back and forth between his needs and my work.
My youngest is an 11 year old son too, and we’ve had our homework struggles, even downright hair-pulling episodes. However through it all, it took a lot of “pattern recognition” and mother’s intuition to discover that he not only had dysgraphia, but a rare vision deficiency that was hidden for years. It remained hidden, even while we kept watching for patterns for more insight, because it turned out that he’s “so gifted” his brain had figured out ways to “fake it” to get by. And honestly, he didn’t know he saw differently than anyone else. His vision problems do not harbor typical symptoms and it wasn’t until earlier this year that he finally failed an eye test at school. Finally after this discovery, researching for better explanations and finding the only doctor in the area who could treat it, we have answers today that are filling in the missing pieces for all of us, parents and teachers alike.
These two issues, dysgraphia and vision deficiency, are certainly major contributing factors to our son’s homework struggles, but there are other smaller ones as well. A little emotional immaturity sometimes, as is fairly common for gifted children. As well as some negative experiences, including a teacher who used him as an example of a “bad student” in front of his class more than once. Though we immediately acted upon discovery, even today he still fights ghosts and a lack of confidence from the past. Stepping away from the eye and hand strain for awhile can really help, etc.. But also, if he’d had a day of teasing at school for being the last one done, even if he ignored them and kind of forgot it happened (he’s very forgiving), it could affect his work as well.
My take is that you as his mother will know your child best and always will be the best expert when it comes to applying insight you gain from other sources. As parents, we have the responsibility to provide structure and discipline, but also to also be a champion for our children. It’s an interesting balancing act at times. Trust your instincts. If something isn’t clicking, like there’s a missing piece to the puzzle, then trust that there is something more to the picture and keep looking for a direction to unearth more information to help your child.
Your son’s teachers can be valuable resources to you as well. Whether it’s through their observations of him in the classroom, or discovery of a possible personality conflict, it’s all useful insight.
I’ve been slowly but surely working on some blog posts about our adventures into all this, so you’ll find this and more to our story on my blog. But here are 7 actions we’ve committed ourselves to that have been most helpful to us. Not all might be useful to your son, but perhaps one might.
1) We use a high-performing charter school with shorter hours and more individualized attention. It’s not for everyone, but it’s a godsend for us.
2) We begin homework pretty much immediately after school. It is too hard for him to break too long from the educational momentum begun at school, but we do build in short breaks and shift subjects. Our daughter does not have this need, but dear son does.
3) We provide the main structure. This is the lot of parents anyway, and of course as kids get older we provide less and less as they learn to provide structure for themselves. In this case, we still handle a certain amount to help him organize his activities since he already has hurdles most children just do not have.
4) Exposure to other students (especially older boys) who desire good grades and have a good homework ethic. It helps… a lot.
5) We don’t compromise diet or sleep for homework. If that means consequences, that’s what it means. There comes a point he has to want it. And the human body grows and repairs during sleep.
6) Life enrichment is essential to everything else, including homework success. We are more effective when all our life corners are balanced, including kids. It makes a huge difference for our son.
7) Lots of communication and relationship building with teachers. It makes a huge difference.
At least half of these listed items could also be applied in business as well. Sometimes it’s the extreme situations in life that teach us about the more “normal” ones.
You can read more about our adventures with dysgraphia and vision therapy on my creative writing blog at: http://TheDifferenceBetweenADuck. I haven’t written a lot on it yet, as I find it rather emotional, but it will be there.
A couple resources that you might also find helpful:
SENG – Supporting the Emotional Needs of the Gifted.
http://www.sengifted.org/index_orig.shtml
And here’s an article on right/left brain function that might also provide some insight. For instance, did you know the brain tends switch sides about every 1.5 hours or so? Read this interesting article to see what experiments have recently discovered. It totally makes sense when applied to kids and education too.
http://www.adaringadventure.com/life-coaching/creativity-guaranteed/
Hope something here might be useful to you.
::hugs::
Julia
Thank you, Julia, both for your candor about your own situation and for these concrete ideas. They are appreciated very much! pk
No problem Paula,
Your post called to my heart. And philosophically, I have to believe my son’s experiences are not just for his (and our) benefit. Parenting can be such an adventure, both genuinely, and tongue-in-cheek. Every child is wired differently as is every parent and every teacher. I know what it’s like to have questions there seem to be no answers to. To have children where one never seems to struggle with anything, and the other seems to make up for all the struggles the other has never known. Having both extremes of of the gifted scale is a surreal place sometimes. There are not a lot of answers or even help for kids like these. But they are out there and perhaps we help pioneer those paths to solutions. Even with long sought answers I still experience frustration and doubt. And the journey’s not over yet.
Hope you discover the shift you’re looking for. And thanks for all you do to help others.
~ Julia
Having somewhat hijacked the comment section today to posit my son’s detrimental homework patterns, I will share with the LF community that I am determined to try to figure out why this particular elephant keeps steering its rider to undesired destinations. I am starting with a super-small behavior – writing assignments down in his planner (because if you don’t write down your assignment you can’t do your homework) and angling toward the fact that he wants to be perceived as mature enough to have his own cell phone – I am not promising a cell phone, but promising to make some judgements about readiness. We’ll see how it goes. In the meantime, I think I’ll start a new site “www.homeworkadvice.com”! Thank you all for your great ideas!
Be ready for him to lose his planner…been there, copied it.
A great topic Dan!
I was first conscious about pattern recognition when I started studying in an engineering school (the work on artificial intelligence algorithms was the key) , I used it before by intuition but I didn’t know it has a name!
There is a deep connection between systems thinking and pattern recognition, I try to see the whole system when trying to solve or understand an issue, I look for the entities involved, the factors, the rules, the motives, and how they are affecting each other, and I can see a pattern, the pattern can fill in the gaps and more checks are used to see how much the pattern is fitted, and if new pattern is being revealed to me.
I am impressed by your story John and your awesome book, and I got the same impression when I started reading business books, I admire the idea of your book, and I totally agree with your thinking and advices, I am trying now to understand the pattern of running a business and the level of transparency (corruption index) in a particular market, I think it may reveal an interesting pattern!
My thanks to LF readers, and good luck guys with your endeavors,
Huda
Hy,
Doing my research I find several books about Pattern recognition in field of Techniques, Segmentation, Technology and Applications.
A wealth of advanced pattern recognition algorithms are emerging from the inter discipline between technologies of effective visual features and the human-brain cognition process.
The present books are intended to collect representative researches around the globe focusing on low-level vision, filter design, features and image descriptors, data mining and analysis, and biologically inspired algorithms.
Research in computer vision has exponentially increased in the last tw
This is the link : http://www.intechopen.com/search/?q=Books:%20Pattern%20recognition
Books are free to download.
Joanna,
You’ve taken the discussion to a whole new level!
Thanks for stopping in.
Best,
Dan